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...such an ALF, is largely dependent on the spontaneous decay of the excited atoms in the vapor cell. In 1988, Jerry Gelbwachs cited, “typical rapid spontaneo ...he vapor cell due to its [[thermal motion]]. This value is less for larger atoms at lower temperatures, a system considered more ideal. ...

...ound to the nucleus by the [[electromagnetic force]]. Likewise, a group of atoms can remain bound to each other, forming a [[molecule]]. An atom containing ...s capable of existence whether alone or in chemical combination with other atoms of the same or other elements. ...

...as intermediaries in the [[CNO cycle]] that produces helium from hydrogen atoms. ...s to efficiently use the [[CNO cycle]]. (See the chart.) This process uses atoms of [[carbon]], [[nitrogen]] and [[oxygen]] as intermediaries in the process ...

...ygen]] and [[nitrogen]], respectively; the smaller white spheres represent atoms of [[hydrogen]].]] ... 2 shows the [[Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution]] for the speeds of the atoms in four noble gases. ...

...compares this to the way that a tragedy and a comedy consist of the same "atoms", ''i.e.'', alphabetic characters.<ref>Aristotle, ''De Generatione et Corru ...

...independent types of experiments show that the energy imparted by light to atoms depends only on the light's frequency, not on its intensity. For example, [ ...[[thermal equilibrium]] and filled with [[electromagnetic radiation]] and atoms that can emit and absorb that radiation. Thermal equilibrium requires that ...

...kind, called [4Fe–4S], contains a cube of four iron atoms and four sulfur atoms. Each iron atom in these clusters is coordinated by an additional [[amino a ...n-transferring protein that contains at least one [[heme]] group. The iron atoms inside complex III’s heme groups alternate between a reduced ferrous (+2) a ...

...iation]]. After about 379,000 years the electrons and nuclei combined into atoms (mostly [[hydrogen]]); hence the radiation decoupled from matter and contin ...000_years|recombination]]. Since photons scatter infrequently from neutral atoms, radiation decoupled from matter when nearly all the electrons had recombin ...

...p;years. Pu-239 and Pu-241 are [[fissile]], meaning that the nuclei of its atoms can [[nuclear fission|break apart]] by being bombarded by [[neutron tempera ...s throughout its crystal structure, meaning the ordered arrangement of its atoms becomes disrupted by radiation with time.<ref name = "HeckerPlutonium" /> H ...

...ef> As [[Arthur Stanley Eddington]] put it later in 1927:<ref>''Stars and Atoms'', A. S. Eddington, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927.</ref><sup>, p.&nbsp;50</ ...ed what would happen when this plasma cooled and the energy which kept the atoms ionized was no longer present.<ref name="fowler">[http://adsabs.harvard.edu ...

...runches from one that simply expands. This density is about three hydrogen atoms per thousand liters of space.<ref Name=Weinberg>{{cite book |author=Steven ...

...ally thick]] due to partial [[ionization]] of certain elements. When these atoms lose an [[electron]], the likelihood that they will absorb energy increases ...

...ation of stars had to die before the universe could be enriched with these atoms. The oldest stars contain few metals, while stars born later have more. Thi ...94LPI....25.1203S</ref> Mercury's almost negligible atmosphere consists of atoms blasted off its surface by the solar wind.<ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |autho ...

...constituent of the ganymedian atmosphere is [[atomic hydrogen]]. Hydrogen atoms were observed as far as 3,000&nbsp;km from the surface of the moon. Their d ...

...te, and dark grey spheres represent oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon atoms, respectively.]] ...

...n faster as it collapsed. As the material within the nebula condensed, the atoms within it began to collide with increasing frequency, converting their [[ki ...

...eeping the atmosphere thinner than it would otherwise be by stripping away atoms from the outer layer. Both [[Mars Global Surveyor]] and Mars Express have d ...