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...vg|thumb|right|In search of a new car, the player picks a door, say 1. The game host then opens one of the other doors, say 3, to reveal a goat and offers ...ll problem''' is a [[probability]] puzzle based on the American television game show ''[[Let's Make a Deal]]''. The name comes from the show's host, [[Mont ...

...sixteen, and later corresponded with [[Pierre de Fermat]] on [[probability theory]], strongly influencing the development of modern [[economics]] and [[socia ...es|divide the stakes fairly]], based on the chance each has of winning the game from that point. From this discussion, the notion of [[expected value]] wa ...

...ithms. Finally, it is a basic tool for proving theorems in modern [[number theory]], such as [[Lagrange's four-square theorem]] and the [[fundamental theorem ...riel Lamé]] in 1844, and marks the beginning of [[computational complexity theory]]. Methods for improving the algorithm's efficiency were developed in the 2 ...

...a master's degree in mathematics on 1 March 1929; his thesis was titled, "Theory of double periodic functions of the second and third kind and its applicati ...r-frequency analysis]]. Rejewski, however, applied techniques from [[group theory]] — [[theorem]]s about [[permutation]]s — in his attack on Enig ...

...the intervals contain exactly one real number in their [[intersection (set theory)|intersection]]. So ''b''₀.''b''₁''b''₂''b ...btraction, multiplication, and division. More subtly, they include [[order theory|ordering]], so that one number can be compared to another and found to be l ...

...4 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] years ago, before the planetary [[Dynamo theory|dynamo]] ceased to function and caused the planet's magnetic field to fade Recent studies support a theory, first proposed in the 1980s, that Mars was struck by a [[Pluto]]-sized met ...

...of the Universe|universe model]], [[lunar eclipse]] and [[solar eclipse]] theory ...iangru]] (179–117 BCE), Zhang listed a variety of animals and hunting game inhabiting the park, which were divided in the northern and southern portio ...

...ially [[string searching algorithm]]s, [[machine learning]] and [[database theory]].<ref>{{citation | last1=Baldi|first1= Pierre|author1-link=Pierre Baldi|la * [[Paracrystalline|Paracrystal model and theory]] ...