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The '''Monty Hall problem''' is a [[probability]] puzzle based on the American television game show ''[[Let's Make a Deal]] ...ng does not matter. In fact, the player should switch—doing so doubles the probability of winning the car from 1/3 to 2/3. ...

...bout infinity by imagining a vast but finite number, and vice versa. The [[probability]] of a monkey typing a given string of text exactly, as long as, for exampl ...independent]], (i.e. neither affects the outcome of the other), then the [[probability]] of both happening equals the product of the probabilities of each one hap ...

...sixteen, and later corresponded with [[Pierre de Fermat]] on [[probability theory]], strongly influencing the development of modern [[economics]] and [[socia ...e just two months after his 39th birthday.<ref>Hald, Anders ''A History of Probability and Statistics and Its Applications before 1750'', (Wiley Publications, 199 ...

...that spurred the development of [[quantum mechanics]] and [[quantum field theory]]. ...imensional analysis|dimensions]] of probability times inverse speed; since probability is dimensionless, they can be expressed in units of seconds per meter.]] ...

...[[spin (physics)|spin]], are determined by the properties of this [[gauge theory|gauge symmetry]]. ...er]]s, [[Bose–Einstein condensation]], [[quantum field theory]], and the [[probability amplitude|probabilistic interpretation]] of quantum mechanics. It has been ...

...rmi paradox''' is the apparent contradiction between high estimates of the probability of the existence of [[Extraterrestrial life|extraterrestrial civilizations] ...radox is a conflict between an argument of [[Scale (spatial)|scale]] and [[probability]] and a lack of [[evidence]]. A more complete [[definition]] could be state ...

|title= Higgs Bosons: Theory and Searches At the time of the quark theory's inception, the "[[particle zoo]]" included, amongst other particles, a mu ...

...ithms. Finally, it is a basic tool for proving theorems in modern [[number theory]], such as [[Lagrange's four-square theorem]] and the [[fundamental theorem ...riel Lamé]] in 1844, and marks the beginning of [[computational complexity theory]]. Methods for improving the algorithm's efficiency were developed in the 2 ...

...e explained by the nebular model.<ref name=Woolfson1993/> As a result this theory of planet formation was largely abandoned at the beginning of the 20th cent ...Laplacan ideas about planet formation and developed the ''modern Laplacian theory''.<ref name=Woolfson1993/> None of these attempts were completely successfu ...

...]]<br />[[Functionalism (philosophy of mind)|Functionalism]]<br />[[Causal theory of reference]]<br />[[Semantic externalism]]<br />[[Brain in a vat]]{{·}} [ ...e developed the [[causal theory of reference]], and formulated an original theory of meaning, inventing the notion of [[externalism|semantic externalism]] ba ...

...ystem, in the sense we now understand it, existed. The first step toward a theory of Solar System formation and evolution was the general acceptance of [[hel The current standard theory for Solar System formation, the [[nebular hypothesis]], has fallen into and ...

|url=http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/nuclearstability.html {{Main|Atomic theory}} ...

...4 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] years ago, before the planetary [[Dynamo theory|dynamo]] ceased to function and caused the planet's magnetic field to fade Recent studies support a theory, first proposed in the 1980s, that Mars was struck by a [[Pluto]]-sized met ...