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...e''' is a continuous and distinctive band of stars that appear on plots of stellar [[Color index|color]] versus brightness. These color-[[absolute magnitude|m ...es that are radiative but are convective near the surface. With decreasing stellar mass the convective envelope increases, and main sequence stars below 0.4 s ...

}}</ref> Research has focused on stellar characteristics, [[astrometry]], and refining the limits of possible [[extr Barnard's Star is a red dwarf of the dim M4 [[Stellar classification|spectral type]] and is too faint to see without a [[telescop ...

| title=The Stellar Extreme-Ultraviolet Radiation Field ...ving the tiny [[parallax]] shifts of this system (against the more distant stellar background) as the [[Earth]] orbits around the Sun. This shift was measured ...

| title=Selection criteria for targets of asteroseismic campaigns | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=400 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=2004 ...

| journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=2003 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=1990 ...

| journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics ...rements. Vega has served as the baseline for calibrating the [[Photometry (astronomy)|photometric]] brightness scale, and was one of the stars used to define th ...

...ss naturally results in the appearance of [[accretion disk]]s around young stellar objects.<ref name=Andre1994/> At the age of about 1&nbsp;million years, 100 ...st=Pudritz|first=Ralph E.|title=Clustered Star Formation and the Origin of Stellar Masses|journal=Science|volume=295| pages=68&ndash;75|year=2002|doi=10.1126/ ...

...ough space. The total mass of a star is the principal determinant in its [[stellar evolution|evolution]] and eventual fate. Other characteristics of a star ar ...ydrogen, along with helium and trace amounts of heavier elements. Once the stellar core is sufficiently dense, some of the hydrogen is steadily converted into ...

White dwarfs are thought to be the final [[stellar evolution|evolutionary state]] of all stars whose mass is not too high—over ...eme Stars: White Dwarfs & Neutron Stars], Jennifer Johnson, lecture notes, Astronomy 162, [[Ohio State University]]. Accessed on line May 3, 2007.</ref><ref na ...

| journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics ...et'' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: [[Sothis]]), is recorded in the earliest [[astronomy|astronomical]] records. During the era of the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Mid ...

...questions that relate to it have been addressed in fields as diverse as [[astronomy]], [[biology]], [[ecology]], and [[philosophy]]. The emerging field of [[as ...stream astronomical instruments and analysis. While this is a new field in astronomy — the first published paper claiming to have discovered an exoplanet was re ...

...development has interwoven a variety of scientific disciplines including [[astronomy]], [[physics]], [[geology]], and [[planetary science]]. Since the dawn of t ...sting off its outer layers as a [[planetary nebula]], and leaving behind a stellar corpse known as a [[white dwarf]]. In the far distant future, the gravity o ...

....html#BBevidence What is the evidence for the Big Bang?], UCLA Division of Astronomy and Astrophysics</ref> As used by cosmologists, the term ''Big Bang'' gener ...1995.</ref> Hoyle later helped considerably in the effort to understand [[stellar nucleosynthesis]], the nuclear pathway for building certain heavier element ...

...ar wind]], a flow of [[plasma (physics)|plasma]] from the Sun, creates a [[stellar wind bubble|bubble]] in the [[interstellar medium]] known as the [[heliosph ...tle= The astronomical system of Copernicus|author=WC Rufus|journal=Popular Astronomy|Volume=31|pages=510|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1923PA.....31..510R| ...

In [[physics]] and [[astronomy]], '''redshift''' occurs when [[electromagnetic radiation]]—usually [[visib ...ifeld (1998), Carroll and Ostlie (1996), Kutner (2003) for applications in astronomy.</ref> ...

...scape—as an end-state for massive [[star]]s. There is evidence that such [[stellar black hole]]s as well as more massive varieties of black hole are responsib ...ity, and {{Harvnb|Seidel|1998}} for the connection with gravitational wave astronomy.</ref> ...

| period = 113,183&nbsp;[[day|d]] (309.88 [[Julian year (astronomy)|a]]) | magnitude = 16.7 ([[Opposition (astronomy and astrology)|opposition]])<ref name=AstDys>{{cite web ...

...e, and there are references to his using polar coordinates in establishing stellar positions.<ref name="milestones">{{cite web| last = Friendly| first = Micha ...stant projection]] of the [[celestial sphere]].<ref>David A. King (1996), "Astronomy and Islamic society: Qibla, gnomics and timekeeping", in Roshdi Rashed (ed. ...

...= 60,190<ref name="fact2" />&nbsp;[[day]]s<br />164.79&nbsp;[[julian year (astronomy)|years]]<br />89,666 Neptune [[solar day]]s<ref name="planet_years">{{cite | journal=Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy ...

| period = 365.256366&nbsp;days<br /> 1.0000175&nbsp;[[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] ...ilt|tilted]] 23.4° away from the [[perpendicular]] to its [[Orbital plane (astronomy)|orbital plane]],<ref>Yoder, Charles F. (1995:8).</ref> producing seasonal ...