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...e''' is a continuous and distinctive band of stars that appear on plots of stellar [[Color index|color]] versus brightness. These color-[[absolute magnitude|m ...es that are radiative but are convective near the surface. With decreasing stellar mass the convective envelope increases, and main sequence stars below 0.4 s ...

| title=The Stellar Extreme-Ultraviolet Radiation Field ...ving the tiny [[parallax]] shifts of this system (against the more distant stellar background) as the [[Earth]] orbits around the Sun. This shift was measured ...

...as is present in the Solar System. The star appears stable, with little [[stellar variation]]. | title =Stellar Motions | publisher =University of Virginia ...

...thesis''' is the most widely accepted model explaining the [[formation and evolution of the Solar System]]. It was first proposed in 1734 by [[Emanuel Swedenbor {{main article|History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses}} ...

| title=The Stars: Their Structure and Evolution ...ry slightly in magnitude in a periodic manner.<ref name=merezhin/> It is [[stellar rotation|rotating]] rapidly with a velocity of 274&nbsp;km/s at the [[equat ...

...tal mass of a star is the principal determinant in its [[stellar evolution|evolution]] and eventual fate. Other characteristics of a star are determined by its ...ydrogen, along with helium and trace amounts of heavier elements. Once the stellar core is sufficiently dense, some of the hydrogen is steadily converted into ...

...The star's [[magnetic field]] is created by [[convection]] throughout the stellar body, and the resulting flare activity generates a total [[X-ray]] emission ..., the [[Einstein Observatory]] produced a detailed X-ray energy curve of a stellar flare on Proxima Centauri. Further observations of flare activity were made ...

...spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys230/lectures/planneb/planneb.html Late stages of evolution for low-mass stars], Michael Richmond, lecture notes, Physics 230, [[Roches ...|Williamina Fleming]] that despite being a dim star, 40 Eridani B was of [[stellar classification|spectral type]] A, or white.<ref name="holberg">[http://adsa ...

| title=The Stars: Their Structure and Evolution | title=The Stars: Their Structure and Evolution ...

...orbit]] of an exoplanet can be deduced. This information, along with the [[stellar classification]] of its sun, and educated guesses as to its composition (us ==== Advanced stellar-scale artifacts ==== ...

The formation and [[wikt:evolution|evolution]] of the [[Solar System]] is estimated to have begun 4.6&nbsp;[[1000000000 ...is believed to have been responsible for much of the Solar System's early evolution. ...

...n initial condition; rather, it ''describes'' and ''explains'' the general evolution of the universe since that instant. The observed abundances of the light el ...1995.</ref> Hoyle later helped considerably in the effort to understand [[stellar nucleosynthesis]], the nuclear pathway for building certain heavier element ...

...ar wind]], a flow of [[plasma (physics)|plasma]] from the Sun, creates a [[stellar wind bubble|bubble]] in the [[interstellar medium]] known as the [[heliosph ...avitationally.<ref>{{cite journal |author=M Woolfson |title=The origin and evolution of the solar system |doi= 10.1046/j.1468-4004.2000.00012.x |year=2000 |jour ...

...scape—as an end-state for massive [[star]]s. There is evidence that such [[stellar black hole]]s as well as more massive varieties of black hole are responsib ...l evaluations of lensing data provide valuable insight into the structural evolution of [[galaxy|galaxies]].<ref>See {{Harvnb|Narayan|Bartelmann|1997|loc=sec. 3 ...

...Evidence that the rings might have gaps first arose during a [[occultation|stellar occultation]] in 1984 when the rings obscured a star on immersion but not o | title=Five Stellar Occultations by Neptune: Further Observations of Ring Arcs ...

| title=The Earth's early evolution | year=1995 | title=Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate ...

...and can be used to obtain information about the large-scale properties and evolution of our cosmos.<ref>Introductions to gravitational lensing and its applicati ...f black holes are thought to be the final state in the [[stellar evolution|evolution]] of massive [[star]]s. On the other hand, [[supermassive black hole]]s wit ...