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}}</ref> All six flavors of quark have since been observed in accelerator experiments; the top quark, first observed at [[Fermilab]] in 1995, was the last to be ...in those involving [[cosmic ray]]s), and decay quickly; however, they are thought to have been present during the first fractions of second after the [[Big B ...

...ssical models contributed to the development of quantum mechanics, further experiments proved Einstein's hypothesis that ''light itself'' is [[quantization (physi ...ref> Although Lewis' theory was never accepted—being contradicted by many experiments—his new name, ''photon'', was adopted immediately by most physicists. [[Isa ...

The theorem concerns a [[thought experiment]] which cannot be fully carried out in practice, since it is pre ...es Towards the Complete Works of Shakespeare | url= http://www.vivaria.net/experiments/notes/publication/NOTES_EN.pdf | format = PDF | publisher = vivaria.net | y ...

...of their existence is still being sought by several teams of scientists in experiments such as the [[LIGO]] and [[GEO 600]] projects. ...ction is so strong that not even light can escape. Their strong gravity is thought to be responsible for the intense [[radiation]] emitted by certain types of ...

...ticle energies drop to values that can be attained in [[particle physics]] experiments. At about 10^&minus;6 seconds, quarks and gluons combined to form ...aller than the size of the observable universe, the Hubble redshift can be thought of as the Doppler shift corresponding to the recession velocity ''v''. Howe ...

...August 1945]]), "[[Fat Man]]", both had cores of Pu-239. [[Human radiation experiments]] studying plutonium were conducted without [[informed consent]], and a num ...ge 338}}</ref> Seaborg originally considered the name "plutium", but later thought that it did not sound as good as "plutonium."<ref name="Clark57"> ...

..., in 1647 Pascal produced ''Experiences nouvelles touchant le vide'' ("New Experiments with the Vacuum"), which detailed basic rules describing to what degree var ...about fifty meters. The mercury dropped two lines. These, and other lesser experiments carried out by Pascal, were hailed throughout Europe as establishing the pr ...

[[SETI#Optical experiments|optical SETI]] also exist. ...ire ''all'' the energy produced by its sun. The [[Dyson Sphere]] was the [[thought experiment]] that he derived as a solution: a shell or cloud of objects enc ...

...gines and the [[Archimedes' screw|screw pump]] that bears his name. Modern experiments have tested claims that Archimedes designed machines capable of lifting att ...was carrying mathematical instruments, and was killed because the soldier thought that they were valuable items. General Marcellus was reportedly angered by ...

...have been confirmed in all [[tests of general relativity|observations and experiments]] to date. Although general relativity is [[Alternatives to general relati ...]] into his new relativistic framework. In 1907, beginning with a simple [[thought experiment]] involving an observer in free fall, he embarked on what would ...

...atom were connected or clustered in some manner. Groups of electrons were thought to occupy a set of [[electron shell]]s about the nucleus.<ref> ...um atoms expecting to get [[transuranium element]]s. Instead, his chemical experiments showed [[barium]] as a product. A year later, [[Lise Meitner]] and her neph ...

...red by many large impact craters. The [[Tharsis]] bulge volcanic upland is thought to have formed during this period, with extensive flooding by liquid water ...issance Orbiter]]''. Images capturing a spectacular avalanche of materials thought to be fine grained ice, dust, and large blocks are shown to have detached f ...

...ontained within the yeast cells called "[[Vitalism|ferments]]", which were thought to function only within living organisms. He wrote that "alcoholic fermenta ...tracts that lacked any living yeast cells to ferment sugar. In a series of experiments at the [[Humboldt University of Berlin|University of Berlin]], he found tha ...

...d from there to 56 bits; this is often taken as an indication that the NSA thought it would be able to break keys of this length even in the mid-1970s. {{Cita ...yptanalysis (Knudsen and Mathiassen, 2000). Junod (2001) performed several experiments to determine the actual time complexity of linear cryptanalysis, and report ...

...externalism]] based on a famous [[thought experiment]] called [[Twin Earth thought experiment|Twin Earth]].<ref name="CH">P. Clark-B. Hale (eds.), "Reading Pu ...s critique of the well known "[[brain in a vat]]" thought experiment. This thought experiment appears to provide a powerful argument for [[skepticism|epistemo ...

She developed a close circle of colleagues and students who thought along similar lines and tended to exclude those who did not. "Outsiders" wh ...l physics]] and [[topology]]. She showed an acute propensity for abstract thought, which allowed her to approach problems of mathematics in fresh and origina ...